Chapter 23 Note Taking Guide

Chapter 23 Note Taking Guide

Chapter 23, Independence and Development in the Global South, 1914-Present

Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence

1.  The process for independence or decolonization marked a dramatic change in the world’s political structure.  What did decolonization signal?

2.  What was distinctive about the end of Europe’s African and Asian empires compared to other cases of imperial disintegration?

3.  What international circumstances and social changes contributed to the end of European colonial empires?

4.  What obstacles confronted the leaders of movements for independence?

·          

·          

·          

Comparing Freedom Struggles

5.  What were the initial aims of the Indian National Congress (INC 1885)?

6. What was Gandhi’s role in India’s struggle for independence?

7.  What conflicts and differences divided India’s nationalist movement?

8.  What did Gandhi and the INC finally agree to do amid the mounting violence?

9.  Why did white rule last almost fifty years longer in South Africa than it did in India (1994 versus 1947)?  

10.   Who were the “Boers” or “Afrikaners?”

11.  Why did the South Africans feel threatened by a black majority rule?  (Economically? Racially?)

12.  What forms of opposition arose to contest the injustices of South African life/

13.  How did Nelson Mandela lead the African National Congress (ANC)?

14.  After Mandela’s imprisonment, what direction did the South African freedom struggle take?

15.  What was the international response to apartheid?

16.  How was the South African nationalist movement similar and different than India’s?

Experiments with Freedom

17.  What was the fate of many of the political parties that had led the movements for independence in Africa after independence was achieved?

18.  Why was Africa’s experience with political democracy so different from that of India?

19.  What accounts for the ups and downs of political democracy in postcolonial Africa?  Give at least three examples.

20.  In general, which class benefited the most from independence in Africa?

21.  What obstacles impeded the economic development of third-world countries?

·          

·          

·          

·          

22.  Which countries, in general, have had the strongest record of economic growth?

23.   Discuss Ataturk’s reforms in a Turkish society.

24.  What were the visible symbols of Ataturk’s revolutionary program?

25.  In what other ways did women gain new legal rights in Turkey?

26.  What effect did the Westernizing influences under the Shah of Iran have on the nation of Iran?

27.  How did the Ayatollah Khomeini become the center of a growing movement demanding the shah’s removal?

28.  What effect did his leadership have on Iran?

Explain the significance of each of the following:

Indian National Congress—

Mohandas Gandhi—

Muhammad Ali Jinnah—

African National Congress—

Kemal Ataturk—

Ayatollah Khomeini—

Note taking Guide Chapter 22

CHAPTER 22 Note Taking Guide:

Name________________________________________________________________         Per.______

Robert W. Strayer

Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources

Chapter 22, The Rise and Fall of World Communism, 1917-Present, Study Guide (Original: pp. 659-688; With Sources: pp. 1029-1058)

Global Communism: Comparing Revolutions as a Path to Communism                    

1.  Where did communist governments exercise state power and various degrees of influence besides the Soviet Union, China, and Eastern Europe during the 20^th century?

2. Identify the major differences between the Russian and Chinese Revolutions.

3.  Why were the Bolsheviks able to ride the Russian Revolution to power?

                                                                                                                       

4.  How did the Chinese Communist Party adapt its ideology and strategy during its long struggle to power?

Building Socialism in Two Countries

5.  In undertaking the push for modernization, how were China and Russia able to construct a socialist societies? In economic terms?

6.  What changes did communist regimes bring to the lives of women?

                            

7.  How did the collectivization of agriculture differ between the USSR and China?

8.  What were the achievements of communist efforts at industrialization?  What problems did these achievements generate? (Results of The Great Leap Forward and The Cultural Revolution)

9.  Explain the Great Purges.

East versus West: A Global Divide and a Cold War

10.  In what different ways was the Cold War expressed?

11.  How did the United States and the Soviet Union court third world countries?

12.  In what ways did the United States play a global role after World War II?

13.  Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the communist world by the 1970s.

                                                                                                                                                           

Comparing Paths to the End of Communism

14.  Explain the economic and moral failures of the communist experiment. (Could the USSR match the West in quality and availability of consumer goods?)

15.  What was the result of the reforms instituted by Deng Xiaoping?

·         Socially: 

·         Politically:

·         Economically:

                                   

16.  Describe China after communism.   

                       

17.  How did the end of communism in the Soviet Union differ from communism’s demise in China?

18.  Impact of glasnost on the Soviet allies in Eastern Europe? 

Reflections: To Judge or Not to Judge: The Ambiguous Legacy of Communism

19.  (On the one hand…On the other hand…p. 688)

Explain the significance of each of the following:

Berlin Wall—

Comintern—

Warsaw Pac—

McCarthyism—

Guomindang—

Collectivization of agriculture—

Great Leap Forward—

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution—

Deng Xiaoping—

Perestroika—

Glasnost—

Additional Questions:

1. Inflation mounted; consumer goods were in short supply, &
ration coupons reappeared; many feared the loss of their
jobs. This describes which country country following its
“glasnost” reforms of the late 1980s.

2. Following Mao’s death in 1976, who emerged as China’s
“paramount leader,” committed to ending the periodic
upheavals of the Maoist era while fostering political stability
& economic growth.

3. Who was the Soviet leader and reformist leader that came to
power in 1985 intending to revive & save Soviet socialism from its accumulated dysfunctions. These
efforts, however, only exacerbated the country’s many difficulties & led to its political disintegration on
Christmas Day 1991.

4. What was the name of the last Tsar of Russia who was forced to abdicate the throne following a series
of internal & international crises following WWI?

5. The Russians exit WWI & then institute communism after their revolution. Compare that to the Chinese
Communist Revolution of 1949 in regard to Chinese involvement in WWII?

6. The U.S. & Soviet cold war rivalry spanned the globe. Using military & economic aid, educational
opportunities, political pressure, & covert action, both sides courted third world countries just
emerging from colonial rule. Cold war fears of communist penetration prompted U.S. intervention,
sometimes openly & often secretly in many corrupt & authoritarian regimes. Which countries did the
U.S. support?

7. Who was the US President & Soviet Premier leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

8. What ended the Cuban Missile Crisis? Who won?

9. Soviet & US leadership experienced similar frustrations with cold war conflicts abroad. For a full
decade, between 1979-1989, Soviet forces intervened militarily & were soon bogged down in a war they
could not win. Ironically, same country that the U.S. has fought its longest war after 9/11, which is?

10. What is the Iron Curtain?

11. Which country - USSR or People’s Republic of China - best compares to the French Revolution in terms of violence against its own people?

12. What were the “Speak Bitterness Meetings” in China? Why were they held?

13. Compare the role of women in both China & USSR. How did the feminist movements differ?

14. What was the impact of glasnost on Eastern Europe?

15. What was the end result of Mao’s 2 campaigns: the “Great Leap Forward” & the “Cultural Revolution”?

16. How did the USSR & China react to the emergence of privileged bureaucratic & technological elite in
communist societies as a consequence of industrial modernization.